the first stage: the start-up of the reform and the local trial stage (1978-1984). The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in December, 1978 marked the beginning of China's reform. The reform of rural economic system took the lead, and the two-tier management system of household contract responsibility system and the combination of unification and separation replaced the people's commune system of "three-level ownership and team-based" and began to be widely implemented in rural areas throughout the country. This reform has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of farmers and effectively promoted the development of agriculture and rural economy.
at the same time, experiments in other aspects of reform have also started. We launched a pilot project to expand the autonomy of enterprises, carried out a two-step "changing profits into taxes", gradually promoted the reform of the financial system of "dividing revenue and expenditure and grading responsibility", abolished the system of unified purchase and marketing of agricultural and sideline products, gradually recovered and developed the declining collective economy and the almost extinct individual economy, and established four special economic zones: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen.
the second stage: the comprehensive exploration stage of reform (1984-1992). The focus of reform at this stage has shifted from rural areas to cities. In October, 1984, the Decision on Economic System Reform adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 12th CPC Central Committee determined that the socialist economy was a planned commodity economy based on public ownership, and proposed that the goal of reform was to establish a socialist economic system with China characteristics and full of vitality. In October, 1987, the Thirteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China further put forward that "the system of socialist planned commodity economy should be the system of internal unity of planning and market" and "the new economic operation mechanism is generally a mechanism in which the state regulates the market and the market guides enterprises". It confirms the central position of the market mechanism in theory, points out the direction for further deepening the reform and lays a theoretical foundation.
the reform practice is carried out in an all-round way with invigorating state-owned enterprises as the central link. Focus on exploring the establishment of an independent, self-financing, dynamic and efficient enterprise system, and implement measures such as contract system and lease system to further expand enterprise autonomy. Actively carry out the reform of enterprise leadership, distribution, employment and other management systems with the director responsibility system, work efficiency linkage and labor contract system as the content, and enhance the internal vitality of enterprises.
around invigorating enterprises, accelerate the establishment of a unified, open and orderly competitive market system and a macro-indirect management system with economic means as the main purpose. Adopt the principle of combining adjustment, liberalization and management, straighten out the price comparison relationship and reform the price formation mechanism of goods and services; Reform the business management system and develop non-state-owned circulation enterprises; Significantly reduce mandatory plans, reform the organizational system of banks, implement various forms of financial contract system, and change the single tax system into composite tax; We will implement separate plans for some cities, reduce management levels and expand local autonomy. In line with the reform of the economic system, reforms in the fields of politics, science and technology, education and culture have also begun.
important steps have also been taken in opening up. Fourteen coastal port cities have been opened, economic open zones have been opened in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, southeastern Fujian and Bohai Rim, Hainan has been approved to build a province and become a special economic zone, and a beneficial attempt has been made in using foreign capital, technology and management experience to develop China's economy.
the third stage: the initial establishment of the socialist market economic system (1992-2). Marked by the reform goal of the socialist market economic system established by the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's economic system reform has entered a new stage with institutional innovation as the main content. The Decision on Establishing a Socialist Market Economic System adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee pointed out that "the establishment of a socialist market economic system is to make the market play a fundamental role in the allocation of resources under the macro-control of the state" and put forward the basic framework of the socialist market economic system. In 1997, the 15th National Congress of CPC established the basic economic system with public ownership as the main body and various forms of ownership developing together, achieved a series of new breakthroughs in ideology and theory, and promoted the further development of the reform aimed at establishing the socialist market economic system.
at this stage, the state-owned enterprises are still the central link of the reform, and the intensity of institutional innovation has been significantly increased. In accordance with the direction of establishing a modern enterprise system, the central and local governments have selected a number of representative state-owned enterprises to carry out pilot projects to establish a modern enterprise system, and a number of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises have been transformed into wholly state-owned companies, limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies; Many national industry corporations have been reorganized into holding companies, and a number of large-scale enterprise groups with capital as the link across regions and industries have been developed. Many small state-owned enterprises have been reformed through reorganization, association, merger, leasing, contract management, joint-stock cooperation and sale. Actively promote the work of encouraging mergers, standardizing bankruptcy, diverting laid-off, reducing staff and increasing efficiency and reemployment, and promote the formation of a competitive mechanism for enterprises to survive the fittest. Strategically adjust the layout of the state-owned economy, so that state-owned capital will gradually concentrate on important industries and key areas that are related to the lifeline of the national economy. To meet the needs of the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the adjustment of the layout and structure of the state-owned economy, various forms of state-owned assets supervision and management system have been actively explored in some places and achieved good results.
other reforms continued to advance. The reform of finance, taxation, finance, foreign exchange, planning, investment and financing systems was further deepened. Established a new financial system framework with the tax-sharing system as the core, and established a turnover tax system with value-added tax as the main body; Strengthened the central bank's ability to regulate the money supply and the function of financial supervision, and began to separate policy finance from commercial finance; Established a single and managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand, and realized the convertibility of RMB under current account; The national planning management has changed from a general mandatory plan to a general guiding plan; Carry out the project legal person system, capital system and bidding system, and strengthen investment risk constraints. The reform in the field of market circulation is developing in depth. The commodity market is further developed and the factor market is gradually formed; Cancel the dual-track system of production materials prices and further liberalize the prices of competitive goods and services; New progress has been made in improving market rules and rectifying market order. Important steps have been taken in the reform of the social security system. On the basis of the pilot project, a pension and medical insurance system combining social pooling with individual accounts will be gradually established. In order to meet the needs of deepening enterprise reform, unemployment insurance, social relief system and minimum living security system for urban residents have been established. The adjustment of ownership structure has gradually increased. The realization forms of public ownership economy are increasingly diversified, the state-controlled economy is expanding, and the development momentum of non-public ownership economy is stronger. Important progress has been made in the reform of science, technology, education and health systems. Promote the reform of the science and technology system in the direction of "stabilizing one end and letting go of one piece"; Speed up the reform of the education system by adjusting the school layout structure and reforming the enrollment and distribution system in colleges and universities; Implement a classified management system for medical institutions and expand the autonomy of health institutions in management. At the same time, new progress has been made in the reform of rural economy, foreign trade and urban housing. With the concerted efforts of the people of the whole country, the socialist market economic system was initially established.
the fourth stage: the stage of perfecting the socialist market economic system (from 2 to now). On the basis of existing achievements, the 16th CPC National Congress held in 22 proposed that the main task of reform in the first two decades of this century is to improve the socialist market economic system. That is, a sound socialist market economic system and a more dynamic and open economic system will be built in 22. The Decision on Improving the Socialist Market Economic System, adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee, has made comprehensive arrangements for the establishment of a sound socialist market economic system. The Central Committee put forward the important strategic thought of establishing Scientific Outlook on Development and building a harmonious socialist society, which provided theoretical guidance for perfecting the socialist market economic system. In accordance with the requirements of coordinating urban and rural development, regional development, economic and social development, harmonious development between man and nature, domestic development and opening up, we will actively promote reforms in various fields.
at this stage, the reform of administrative management system has been put in a prominent position, and efforts have been made to promote the reform according to the goal of establishing an administrative management system with standardized behavior, coordinated operation, fairness, transparency, honesty and high efficiency. Important progress has been made in the transformation of government functions, and the government's social management and public service functions have been further strengthened; The reform of government institutions continued to advance. A number of economic regulation and supervision institutions were newly established and set up in the State Council, which improved the administrative level of some supervision departments and improved the management system of state-owned assets and other departments. Focusing on improving the administrative management system below the provincial level, local governments have intensified the reform of county and township institutions and expanded the management authority of counties (cities); The pace of reform of the administrative examination and approval system has been accelerated, and nearly 1,8 examination and approval items have been cancelled and adjusted in three batches in the State Council. We have fully implemented administration according to law and promulgated and implemented administrative laws and regulations such as the Administrative Licensing Law and the Civil Service Law.
at the same time, rural reform continued to advance in depth. The basic economic system in rural areas has been further consolidated, the pilot reform of rural taxes and fees has been carried out in an all-round way, and the agricultural tax that has been implemented for 26 years has been completely abolished throughout the country; The reform of the grain circulation system was further deepened, and the market-oriented cotton circulation system was basically established. New progress has been made in the reform of state-owned enterprises. State-owned capital is further concentrated in important industries and key areas related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, and the control and competitiveness of the state-owned economy are further enhanced; The shareholding system reform of large state-owned enterprises has intensified, progress has been made in improving the corporate governance structure, important steps have been taken in the reform of the selection and employment mechanism, and the share-trading reform of state-controlled listed companies has steadily advanced; New steps have been taken in the reform of monopoly industries such as telecommunications, railways, civil aviation, tobacco and electric power; The state has set up a special state-owned assets supervision and management institution, which has strengthened the supervision of the assets operation of state-owned enterprises, especially large and super-large state-owned enterprises. The institutional environment for the development of the non-public economy has been further improved. Relax the market access of non-public economy and allow non-public capital to enter industries and fields that are not prohibited by laws and regulations; Clean up and revise laws, regulations and policy provisions that restrict the development of non-public economy, strengthen the legal protection of private property rights, and provide institutional guarantee for the development of non-public economy. The reform of fiscal, taxation, finance and investment systems has been deepened. The public financial system has been continuously improved, and the pilot project of value-added tax transformation and the reform of export tax rebate mechanism have been steadily promoted; The financial system reform was intensified, and the shareholding system reform of state-owned commercial banks was accelerated; Great strides have been made in the reform of exchange rate formation mechanism; The scope of government investment has been further narrowed, the autonomy of enterprise investment has been gradually expanded, and the investment examination and approval system has been continuously standardized. The pace of market system construction has been further accelerated. The types and quantity of commodity markets have increased year by year, the markets for land, labor, technology, property rights and capital have further developed, and the marketization of prices of important resources such as water, electricity, oil and natural gas has accelerated. The social security system has been continuously improved. The coverage of social security has been continuously expanded, the urban basic old-age insurance system has been basically established, the reform of the basic medical insurance system has been comprehensively promoted, and the construction of the unemployment insurance system has been significantly accelerated. The reform of science, education, culture and health system has been carried out steadily. More than 1,2 research institutes affiliated to the central and local governments were transformed in two batches; Actively promote the reform of rural compulsory education funding guarantee mechanism, encourage and support the development of private education; Intensify the reform of the internal mechanism of public welfare cultural institutions and actively carry out the transformation of operating cultural institutions into enterprises; The pilot reform of the new rural cooperative medical system has been steadily advanced.