Dong Zhongshu's hometown
Dong Zhongshu's hometown was first recorded in Sima Qian's Historical Records, saying that "Dong Zhongshu is also from Guang Chuan." Dong Zhongshu lives in Guang Chuan and Guang Chuan County. Does Sima Qian mean Guang Chuan, Guang Chuan or Guang Chuan? Ban Biao, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, said that Sima Qian meant Guang Chuan County, not Guang Chuan Kingdom. That is, Dong Zhongshu is from Guang Chuan County. Jiajing's "Zaoqiang County Records" in the Ming Dynasty contains: Han, Zaoqiang spread widely and abandoned clutch, which was originally one of them. According to the examination, its territory roughly includes one in the southeast, one in the south, one in the west, the middle, east and north, the southwest corner of Jinxing County and the northwest corner of Gucheng County. Guang Chuan in ancient Han Dynasty is today's Zhuang jujube. Dong Zhongshu's hometown is the old county village in Zaoqiang County today, according to the following:
1, in recent years, the stone lintel of Dong Shi Ancestral Hall in Qing Dynasty and its rubbings were found in Jiuxian Village, marked with the words "Rebuilding Auspiciousness and Ugliness". That is, in the sixth year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (A.D. 10 13), the reconstruction means that there used to be "Dong Shi Ancestral Hall" here. The ancestral temple is a family temple where people worship their ancestors.
2, Ming' Jizhou Zhi' contains: There are' four famous temples' in the west of the old county village, commonly known as' Xixiong Temple'. Formerly known as the place where Dong Zi gave lectures. Hejian Kingdom recommended King Liu De to build it. The temple was destroyed in the late Qing dynasty, and the site still exists, protruding from the ground. There is rubble everywhere. The villagers dug up a pottery lampstand here, which read "disciples holding candles" and tirelessly taught people. It was used by Dong Zhongshu in his lectures.
Dong Zhongshu lives in Chang 'an. My hometown, Dongshi, is dying out. Dong Shi Ancestral Hall, his former residence, was destroyed, and later generations built Dongzi Temple on the original site. It was rebuilt in the thirty-sixth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1608), and it was carved with a stone statue of Dong Zhongshu sitting. A statue (about 2 meters high) was given inside, and it still exists after being destroyed. 1982 is a provincial cultural relics protection unit in Hebei province. 1987, in order to protect the stone statues, Dongzi Temple was rebuilt on the original site. There is also a legend about Dong Zhongshu's stone statue being placed in Houjiu county and village. He said that after the stone statue was carved in Xishan Mountain, it was transported to Dongguzhuang Village for resettlement, but it was transported to Brewmaster Village. "It was too heavy to lift, so I left it." In this regard, old friends disagree. If Dong Zhongshu was born in Dongguzhuang village, how could he abandon the ancestral stones of other villages? Dongjiazhuang village is two or three miles away from the old county, and it has arrived all the way. Can't it be transported nearby? Is it meaningless? !
4. "Shi Shuo Xin Yu" records that Dong Zhongshu has a son named Fu Qi, who was mistakenly regarded as unfilial and driven out of the house to go to Wang Shanyou, a good friend of Dong Zhongshu who is four or five miles away from the old county. After Wang Shanyou died, Dong continued to live in this village. In the Ming Dynasty's Zaoqiang County Records, Wang Shanyou had this person. But there is no life text. Because the sound of "goodness" is the same as "longevity", Houcun was renamed Wang Shou. Later, it evolved into two villages: Qianwangshou and Houwangshou. Now 95% of the two villages are Dong people. In ancient times, Wang Shou lived in Dongshi, surrounded by Sugu and Puzhuang, and gathered in front of the "Dongshi Ancestral Temple" in the old county to worship his ancestors. Still in modern times. Wang Shoucun preserved the genealogy rebuilt in the Qing Dynasty and took Dong Zhongshu as his ancestor.
There have always been objections to the statement that "the three mu of land occupied by Dongjiazhuang Primary School is Dong Zhongshu's hometown". During the Tang and Song Dynasties, all the villages in this area were silted up and buried underground. In the Western Han Dynasty, Dongjiazhuang was also difficult to exist on the ground. The old county village in the Western Han Dynasty was once a county government, but it remained unchanged for 500 years. Up to now, the ground has protruded a lot, and there are rubble everywhere. It is suspected that the old county village and Dongjiazhuang village were originally a village, which was separated from the old county village. But in what age? No evidence has been found so far.
Brief introduction of Dong Zhongshu's life
Dong Zhongshu experienced the rule of Wenjing and the prosperity of Hanwu in his life, which was the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty, with political stability, economic prosperity, unprecedented national strength and people living and working in peace and contentment. Ideologically and culturally, the early Han society was also relaxed and comfortable. Filial piety Hui Di in addition to the "law of carrying books", the official who wrote books and made statements; When Emperor Wudi was in power, he opened the way to present books. Many Confucian classics hidden by Qin Shihuang's burning books and burying Confucianism reappeared in front of the world; Many Confucian scholars who retreated to Noda gradually stepped out of the mountains. People are at peace, and scholars are willing to study, so people who give lectures and know the classics get together to revive Confucianism and revive the Confucian camp, and suddenly become great. In order to apply what they have learned, please the rulers, quote classics and draw pictures. A family has a family style and a teacher has statutes. It is various and clear. It is in this context of social stability and academic freedom that Dong Zhongshu embarked on the road of learning things. Guang Chuan, Dong Zhongshu's hometown, is located in the southeast, adjacent to Qilu, with Yan State in the north and Sanjin in the west. Since ancient times, there have been many Confucian scholars in Qilu, alchemists in Yan and legalists in Sanjin. Zhongshu grew up under the influence of various cultures, which is not unrelated to his formation of a multi-connotation ideological system. According to Records of the Historian, in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there were eight scholars who studied the Five Classics: Lu (now western Shandong) Shen Peigong, Qi (eastern Shandong) Yuan Gusheng, Yan (now Beijing) Han Taifu (baby); Pass the "book" and be the saint of Jinan government; Through the "ceremony", then Tang was born; The Book of Changes has been handed down to Zichuan (moved to the book of Dr. Taichang), and only a few people can jointly manage a Book of Songs. Compared with those shallow people, Dong Zhongshu really stands out from the crowd, and it is not shameful to be called a "generalist" and a "scholar". In addition, the reputation is high and the style is prosperous!
Among Dong Zhongshu's and Hu Wusheng's Five Classics, Dong Zhongshu is best at the study of rams in the Spring and Autumn Annals. Chunqiu is a political history compiled by Confucius on the basis of Lu Shi. It is said that Confucius failed to see Tao and put it into practice in his later years, so he put his political ideals and ethics on himself by praising and criticizing history in his works and history books. In order to avoid political persecution, Confucius often used obscure language in writing. His words were dictated to his disciples, not written in books. After the death of Confucius, disciples handed down their stories and gradually formed the theory of Chunqiu by different teachers. There are five schools of thought in Han Dynasty: Gongyang Chunqiu, Chunqiu, Zuoshi Chunqiu, Zou and Jia. Among them, Zou has no teacher biography, Jia has no book, and left in the secret mansion. Only Ram He has two biographies, which are beautiful in writing and rich in righteousness, and became popular first. The greatness of Ram Biography is attributed to the initiative of Dong Zhongshu and Hu Wusheng. Hu Wusheng, with neat personality, is slightly older than Dong Zhongshu. He was one of the earliest masters of ram studies in Han Dynasty, and he was also the first person to talk about ram studies on bamboo and silk. Dai stated the preface of the ram teaching in the Spring and Autumn Period, saying: "In the summer, the ram is high, and the high one is flat, and the flat one is flat, and the son dares to pass on his birthday. When he arrived at Jingdi, Shou and his disciple Qi Wuzi wrote on bamboo and silk. (Quoted from Yan Xu's Biography of the Ram What Style Preface) It can be seen that Hu Wusheng was not only the direct biography of the Ram in the Spring and Autumn Period, but also the person who helped Shou put the story of the Ram on bamboo and silk, ending its history without words and word of mouth. Ramology is recorded here, with rules to follow and a more stereotyped theory. At the same time, because the ram has scriptures, it is also conducive to the spread of theory. In addition, Hu Wusheng also summed up the righteous examples of rams and wrote the Ram Regulations, which made the study of rams organized and made it easy for scholars to outline and grasp the main points. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when He Xiu wrote An Interview with Ram, he once "gave birth to the Regulations according to Hu, and it was fruitful" (how to write the preface). Hu Wusheng personally passed on his lessons and expanded the teaching of ram science. Jingdi was a doctor and was in the same column as Dong Zhongshu. When he is old, he will return to Qi to teach. " People who wrote Chunqiu in Qi's words were mostly influenced by Hu Wusheng. "Liang Wudi's great prime minister GongSunHong, once studied with him. Dong Zhongshu also respects him very much. Hanshu said: Hu Wusheng "worked with Dong Zhongshu, and Zhongshu wrote books calling him a sage. "There is a saying:" Hu Wuzi is as humble as cloth and as poor as a mean husband. "However, happiness, justice and politeness are dying. So the world respects its body, and Shu Ren respects its voice. What an honor! " (Quoted from Gu Li's Wenguan Linz, see Tang Yan's Hanshu Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Volume I) Tang Xu Yan's Biography of the Ram said: "Although Hu Wusheng taught Dong Shi with the Biography of the Ram, he did not write articles of association." Take Dong Zhongshu as Hu Wusheng's disciple. Wu Jianzhai said: "What he said is not seen in the history of Chun, and it is doubtful whether it can be qualitative." (Preface to Classic Interpretation) What is the suspicion of fasting examination? However, Xu's words may be based on the biographies of scholars in the Han Dynasty. Chuanyue: Hu Wusheng is a word, and all the people are born together. Governing "Ram Spring and Autumn", Jingdi was a doctor. Among Dong Zhongshu's peers, Zhong wrote a book called His Virtue. When he was old, he was taught by Qi, so Chunqiu was all about things, and Gong was quite popular. Dong Zhongshu is a Jiangdu player, and he has his own music. Disciples were sent by Chu Da of Lan Ling, Gong Ying of Dongping, Duan Zhong of Guang Chuan and Lv Wen. From this passage alone, it seems that Hu Wusheng's disciples are Gong Sun Hong, Dong Zhongshu, Chu Da, Gong Ying, Duan Zhong and Lu Bushu. Gong Ying was accepted as a disciple of Hu Wusheng in the Annals of Gyeonggi, Sui Shu. In fact, this is for the sake of brevity, and there is no distinction. Later generations misread his book without in-depth research. Here, the sentence "and Dong Sheng ..." should be segmented, with Hu Wu's biography on it and Dong Zhongshu's biography below. Up to now, punctuation by Zhonghua Book Company has not been segmented, which is still a mistake. According to Historical Records: "According to legend, Chunqiu was born in Qilu, Zhao and Dong Zhongshu." Hu Dong and Hu Dong were treated at the same time, and there was no relationship between giving and receiving. Sima Qian's "Scholars", the first Zhong Shu and the second son are both. Luo Zhongshu is a teacher, but Ma Qian is so negligent! Besides, Chu has great people. Historical Records clearly records that "Zhong Shu's disciples were sent by Chu Da of Lan Ling, Yin Zhong of Guang Chuan (Duan Zhong of Hanshu) and Bu Shu." Hu is not without disciples. Therefore, Lu Deming's "Preface to Literature Interpretation" said: "Han Xing, Qi Hu Wusheng, Zhao Dong Zhongshu, ruled the ram in the Spring and Autumn Period. Chu Da of Lanling, Bo Gong of Dongping, Duan Zhong of Guangzhou and Lu Wenbushu are all disciples of Zhong Shu. " Words are eloquent and cannot be confused. Tang Yan's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the History of Han Dynasty copied the following person "Dong Sheng" into Hu Wuchuan, and Gai inherited the old text, but in Dong Chuanli, he said, "Hu Wusheng sent a group of people to intercept Gong, so the biography of Chao is different from Dong Sheng." It is known that Hu Cha is not a master and apprentice. Textual research on Summary of Four Treasures of the Study and Summary of Ram Sparse: There are sons Shen Ziyue, Sima Ziyue, Zi Yue and Gong Bei Ziyue in Biography of Ram. Another said, Lu Zi said, "All the teachers taught by Gai are not rams." However, in addition to Ram's family study, why should Dong Shi learn from Hu Wujia because Ram has many teachers? Ram Sulfur quoted Xiao Jing Shuo as saying: "Xia Zichuan and the Ram Family, the fifth generation and even Hu Wusheng and Dong Zhongshu." It can be seen that Dong Sheng and Hu Wusheng are both disciples of Xia Ziliuchuan. Of course, since Shou and Hu Wusheng were the first people to write Biography of Ram, Dong Sheng may benefit from Hu Wuzi in the text of Biography of Ram. As for the rest, it is not clear. Dong Zhongshu and Hu Wusheng were dealt with together, but their contributions were different. Hu Wusheng recorded the biography of the ram and summarized the cases of the ram to make it more systematic. Dong Zhongshu, on the other hand, made full use of the Biography of the Ram, quoted classics, discussed things, and even used the Spring and Autumn Annals to break the prison, combining classics with real politics and making many inventions. In a word, both of them are masters of ram learning, and both of them are the first teachers who passed on rams in the early Han Dynasty. But if you count them carefully, Hu Wusheng is not limited to talking about classics, but a scholar and a teacher. Dong Zhongshu is good at discussing things and engaging in practical Confucian classics. Sima Qian said, "As for Han's surname, Dong Zhongshu is the only Ming in Spring and Autumn Annals." It is precisely because of its ability to help the economy and apply it. Both Hu Cha and Hu Cha made great contributions to Gongyangology in Spring and Autumn Annals in the Han Dynasty, so they were both appointed as Dr. Hanting during the reign of Emperor Jing.
Keep a low profile and concentrate on self-improvement
The doctor was an official position at that time, which was first seen in the Warring States Period. The first emperor, Qin Jizhi, had 70 doctors, who "knew everything from ancient times to the present" and had profound knowledge. But doctors have their own specialties in learning; Confucianism, Mohism, Mingfa and even Fang technicians all abuse skills. Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, and Confucian doctors fled and lived in seclusion. Doctors in Qin Ting have become omnipotent immortals and cunning flatterers. During the Chen She Uprising, many German students took Confucius' ritual vessels to Chen Wang to find a way out. Confucius' eighth grandson, Dr. Chen She, finally died with Chen She, becoming the first intellectual who died heroically for the revolutionary cause in the history of China. Han Xing, Confucian scholars fled to the Han Dynasty, and Han also set up a doctor's office to appease them. Emperor Gaozu once introduced Shu as a courtier and tasted exquisite delicacies for the first time. Because I was busy putting out "running dogs", I didn't solve the problem and didn't have time to publicize Confucianism. Filial piety means that "all officials make contributions", and scholars can't share the soup. At the time of Wenjing, there were many famous scholars with doctors, including Dr. Yuan Gusheng and Dr. Han Ying in poetry, Dr. Ouyang in books, Hu Wusheng and Dong Zhongshu in the Spring and Autumn Period. There are also doctors in Mencius, Er Ya and Xiao Jing. However, "Emperor Wen is good at punishment", "Emperor Jing is not a Confucian", and "Therefore, doctors have official questions, but they have not advanced"-they are only official salaries, and none of them are reused (Biography of the Scholars in Historical Records). In addition, "Dou Taihou is good at Huang Lao", doctors are not only hard to get lucky in Confucianism, but also afraid of taboos. Dou Taihou once asked Dr. Yuan, the author of Poems, that Laozi was a book. Yuan Gusheng said that Laozi was a vulgar "family statement", and Dou Taihou angrily called the Five Classics "the book of four empty cities and Dan" (it is still said to be the book of criminals). Sikong, responsible for building palaces and cities. The first emperor burned books, so that those who had hundreds of poems and books in different languages were regarded as cities. ), and let the real figure play wild boar. Fortunately, Emperor Jing gave him a sword to avoid violent death. Doctors see it in their eyes and fear it in their hearts. Where do they have leisure to carry forward Confucianism and be the first king in the world? Some made excuses to quit their doctorates and ran away. For example, Tiegu transferred the Qinghe Prefecture, Han Ying became the Changshan Taifu, and Hu Wusheng simply retired and lived in the village on the grounds of old age. During this period, Dong Zhongshu also kept a low profile and made no political achievements. However, he is not passive and can adapt to the world. On the one hand, he recruited a large number of students and taught privately, which trained a group of qualified talents for promoting Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. According to historical records, Dong Zhongshu's disciples are "a hundred schools of thought", all of whom are excellent. Chu is a good minister, an admonition officer, Lu Bushu is the prime minister, and I, Qiu Shouwang (later), am the official of Dr. Guanglu. Sima Qian, a great historian, also studied under Dong Zhongshu and expounded Dong Zhongshu's study of Spring and Autumn Annals in Historical Records. It was also inspired by the deeds of Confucius' distressed Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Qiu's blind Zuo Zhuan that he wrote Historical Records with indignation under extremely difficult circumstances. On the other hand, Dong Zhongshu carefully observed the reality and devoted himself to studying hundreds of theories, especially the theory of Huang Lao, which has been dominant since the early Han Dynasty. He wants to establish an unprecedented neo-Confucianism system that is compatible with hundreds of schools, so as to adapt to the social unity of the Western Han Dynasty and achieve positive results. He is waiting for the price and should come out at the right time!
According to the theory of "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man", Dong Sheng is known to the world in one fell swoop.
The opportunity finally came, and the talented Emperor Wudi ascended the throne of the emperor! In BC 14 1 year, Emperor Xiaojing died. After Wendi, Jingdi is another king who pursues the rule of Huang Lao by doing nothing and sharing the interest with the people, thus realizing the rule of "Wen Jing". According to historical records, during the Jingdi period, the treasury was rich, the treasury was rich, the customs were changed, and the folk customs were simple. The Western Han society reached the perfection of agricultural society from economy to public security. On the other hand, due to the laissez-faire of the imperial court, the arrogance of governors and the invasion of fishing by commercial landlords, the separatist forces have formed; Coupled with the invasion of Siyi, Xiongnu invaded the border ... Ban Gu said to the situation at that time: "Han Xing has been a treasure for more than 60 years, but Siyi has no guests and there are many systems." (The Biography of Hanshu Gongsunhong) Under the seemingly peaceful scene, there is a serious crisis in the Western Han society. It is urgent to carry out drastic reforms for a promising monarch, nip in the bud and prevent the people from being miserable; Furthermore, end the rule of inaction, take advantage of wealth, promote culture and education, and rebuild martial arts. On the basis of eating enough food and raising enough soldiers, we will welcome the prosperity and peace of Confucianism. Emperor Jing is just a ruler who keeps culture. The biggest mystery of his cultural governance is "the rule of inaction", which allows him to create his own wealth and stand on his own feet when the people's strength is waning. The arrival of the rule of Wenjing is not so much a good rule of Wenjing as a good rule of relaxation. How to achieve great governance on the basis of material wealth, Wen Jing, the monarch and minister, is powerless. This mission fell to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in history. The succession of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty brought a new atmosphere to the Western Han society and brought the hope of the revival of Confucianism. Dong Zhongshu, who has been grinding a sword for ten years and never glimpsed it for three years, just caught up with this opportunity. This is a once-in-a-lifetime wealth! 1. Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was a neutron of Jingdi, who loved literature and advocated Confucianism. He is brilliant and full of energy. He speaks literature and practices martial arts, attacking Xiongnu in the north, helping Baiyue in the south, connecting the western regions in the west and Korea in the east. The Western Han Empire gained great prestige and claimed to be extremely prosperous. His reign was also the most prosperous period of talents in the Western Han Dynasty. "Han Shu" praised: "Many scholars admire each other, but different people come out together. Elegant is GongSunHong, Dong Zhongshu, Ni Kuan; When you are walking, you will build a stone to celebrate it; The quality is relatively straight in Ji 'an and Bo Shi; Pushing (recommending) sages is Han Anguo and Zheng Dangshi; Orders (patents) are Zhao Yu and Zhang Tang; The article is Sima Qian and Xiang Ru; Funny is Dong Fangshuo and Gao Mei; In response, Zhu Zhuang and Zhu Maichen; Count and Luo; Harmony (tone sandhi) is Li Yannian; The operation is Sang Hongyang; Ambassadors are Zhang Qian and Su Wu; Rates are Wei Qing and Huo Qubing; The legacy (entrusted orphans) is Huo Guang and Jin Ridi; The rest is invincible! " ("Gong Zan") It's really brilliant and the stars are brilliant. "He who gains the Han Dynasty prospers here" (ditto)! At this time, the reason why the Western Han Dynasty gathered so many talents and obtained so many different materials was certainly related to the personality charm of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and it was also the direct result of his thirst for talents and his eclectic selection of talents. And its effective means of selecting talents and appointing talents is to regularly instruct counties and states and officials to recommend talents, and recommend rare scholars and schools in counties and states to study Confucianism. According to the biography of Han Dong, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "established school officials and promoted Cai Mao (scholar) and Lian Xiao in the county because of Dong Zhongshu's initiative." It can be seen that the winner of the Han Dynasty was Liang Wudi, and the winner of martial arts was choosing harmony and Confucianism, and the promotion of harmony and Confucianism originated from Dong Zhongshu. A Confucian discussion influenced the decision-making of the imperial court, and the correct decision-making led to the admiration of a group of scholars, and then the gathering of talents ushered in the heyday of the Western Han Empire. Who will say that moral education is useless here? This is "useless"! The magical use of "useless"! In BC 14 1 year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became emperor and was renamed Yuan Jianyuan the following year. This ambitious and energetic young son of heaven changed all the administrative policies of letting nature take its course, adhering to the old ways and governing by doing nothing in the Wenjing era. At the beginning of the new year in the first year of Jianyuan, he was "the prime minister, the imperial adviser, the prince, the middle two thousand stones, the two thousand stones, and the princes: people who spoke out." There are more than 100 people to be promoted this time, and Zhu Zhuang is the first; Gong Wei doctors were selected in Chunqiu. Because of his background, he is also a good candidate. The rest of the legalists who studied Shen Buhai, Shang Yang and Han Fei, and those who fucked Tai Su and Zhang Yi, were all expelled and refused admission. Whether Dong Zhongshu participated in this countermeasure has always been divided in history. Dong Zhongshu's countermeasure, the historical record of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is six years after the first year of Yuan Guang (before 134), and Zi Jian records the first year of Jian Yuan. What is recorded in Hanshu is credible. According to the countermeasure "I would like to rule for more than 70 years", it is only 70 years from the first year of Gaozu (206 years ago) to the fourth year of Jianyuan (37 years ago/kloc-0). If it is the first year of Jianyuan, it cannot be called "more than 70 years", but 74 years in the first year of Yuanguang.
The discord between Dong Zhongshu and Jianyuan was probably related to the political situation at that time, that is, Dou Taihou was still alive. Dou Taihou is the queen of Wendi, the mother of Jingdi and the grandmother of Wudi. She likes Huang Lao, hates Confucianism and despises the Five Classics. Emperor Wu ascended the throne and was honored as the empress dowager. In the early years of Jianyuan, the court wanted her consent. This time, naturally, is not the time to promote Confucianism. In fact, Confucianism was seriously damaged by Dou Taihou as soon as it rose. In the summer of the first year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Wei Hou as Cheng Xiang and Wu 'an Hou Tianfen as Qiu. Dou Tianke tends to be Confucian, recommending Confucian scholar Zhao Luo as an ancient bachelor and Wang Zang as a doctor. Zhao and Wang Jian, disciples of Shen Pei, a master of poetry theory, proposed to set up a service for princes, and invited Shen Pei from Shandong to discuss the etiquette with the special courtesy of "binding silks and adding walls to strengthen wheels". It seems that falling will shake, "Confucianism is in full swing. At that time, Zhao Wan was so proud that he asked Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty not to play with the empress dowager in order to carry forward Confucianism. Therefore, Dou Taihou was furious and privately investigated the corruption of Zhao Wan and Wang Zang, and demanded an apology from Emperor Wu who imprisoned them and forced them to commit suicide. Dou Yingtian powder was also dismissed for introspection. Shen Gong returned to his hometown on the grounds of an old illness. What happened in Tang Ming went away. Throughout the Jianyuan period, Confucianism was suppressed and struggled in a difficult situation. It was not until Dou Taihou's death that Confucianism really ushered in the spring of recovery. Dong Zhongshu also stood up in time and shouted out the long-suppressed aspiration of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
In May of the 6th year of Jianyuan (BC 135), Dou Taihou died, and the last stubborn fortress of Huang Lao Xue disappeared. In June, Wu 'an Hou Tian Fen returned to the post of Prime Minister. The ice has been broken and the obstacles have been removed. Sima Qian said, "When Dou Taihou collapsed, Tian Fen, the marquis of Wu, became the prime minister. As the ancient philosophers said, there were a hundred scholars, but the public took Spring and Autumn Annals, and san huang was dressed in white. The bachelor in the world is arrogant! " (Biography of Historical Records and the Scholars). The real revival and popularity of Confucianism was after Dou Taihou's death, which was Dong Zhongshu's benign countermeasure, preparing for the popularity of Confucianism in theory and public opinion the following year. If Dou Taihou is regarded as the turning point of academic advocacy in Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu's countermeasures are undoubtedly the beginning of the prosperity of Confucianism.
Benign countermeasure
In the first year of Yuanguang (before 134), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the counties to cultivate filial piety and be virtuous, and Dong Zhongshu took virtuous measures. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked three questions and Dong Zhongshu answered three chapters, the central topic of which was the relationship between man and nature. History is called "Three Strategies for Heaven and Man" (or "Good Strategies"), and it was later included in Han Dong Zhongshu Biography by Ban Gu. The first policy is mainly about "destiny" and "temperament". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked: "Three generations have been ordered, and their happiness is also there"; "How can disasters arise when they change?"; Why is there a distinction between good and evil in Love for Life? What is the most urgent task? "What shall we do?" Only in this way can "the people live in harmony" and be lucky? Dong Zhongshu is talking about destiny, and disaster is a dialogue between man and nature: the unity of man and nature is terrible! The country will lose its way, and Japan is the first disaster to warn it; I don't know how to introspect, but I'm surprised. I still don't know how to change, but I am hurt and even defeated. The relationship between heaven and man is very subtle. If the national government falls, there will be disasters every day to condemn him; If you don't know how to reflect on yourself, you will be warned by strange phenomena; If you don't repent, genius will change his fate and make him lose his country. This is "the connection between heaven and man". Heaven and man can interact and influence each other. He said that if the king wants to rule the world, there will be a sign that human beings can't create, which is called "the symbol of being ordered." If "everyone in the world returns with one heart, if it belongs to their parents, then Tian Rui should come sincerely". "Shangshu" records that Wu Jiangxing, the soldiers passed, and the white fish jumped; A fire covered the king's house. Suddenly it flowed and became a crow with red feathers. This is the symbol of it runs in the family. Auspicious omen does not come out of thin air. It is a reward for virtue, and it is the effect of "accumulating goodness and accumulating virtue" by kings of past dynasties. Confucius said that "Germany is not alone, there must be neighbors" is the truth. So how did the disaster happen? He believes that this is the result of "abandoning morality and serving a sentence" with improper punishment. Evil spirits will be born, evil spirits will accumulate at the bottom, and grievances will converge at the top. If the upper and lower levels are not coordinated, the qi of Yin and Yang will be uncoordinated, and the imbalance of Yin and Yang will produce evil spirits, so disasters will occur. Although it is God's will, both justice and disaster are based on the emperor's actions. On the question of the good and evil of human nature, Dong Zhongshu said: The people's life is also the decree of heaven, the nature of human nature is also the desire of lazy people. Death, longevity, benevolence or inferiority, self-cultivation, not the essence of beauty, the law of chaos, so it is not neat. Life is the instruction of heaven, sex is the essential attribute of life, and love is human desire and emotion. People's temperament is merciless, and their life span is the result of the creator (edification) and social environment (chaos control). Fate cannot be changed, but the social environment can be improved. Confucius said, "A gentleman is virtuous in wind, a villain is virtuous in grass, and the wind on the grass will be restrained." Therefore, among the people of Yao and Shun, the virtuous are kind and long-lived, while the rebellious are greedy and die young. It can be seen that the people's good or bad, good or evil, all depend on what your old emperor has done. "Top-down, bottom-up, mud is still in the air, just those (shape) movements; Gold is in smelting (melting furnace) and can only be cast by smelting (casting). " What should we do now? Dong Zhongshu put forward four strategies, namely "respecting nature", "cultivating people", "educating" and "modernization". The principle of law and heaven is Spring and Autumn Annals. He said that after studying the text of Chunqiu, he tried to find a word "Zheng". At the beginning of Spring and Autumn Annals, it was said that "the first month of the spring king", the orthography followed the word king, and the word king followed the word spring. Spring is the way of good fortune, and it is the way of a king's trip. This arrangement order means that the king "inherits the actions of heaven (heaven) and does what he does (personnel)". Then, if the king does anything, he should ask heaven. What is heaven? He said: the size of the sky lies in yin and yang. Yang is virtue and Yin is punishment; Punishment leads to killing, and morality leads to life. Therefore, Yang always lives in summer and regards birth and growth as one thing. Yin often stays in winter and accumulates in the empty place. So I can see the fate of heaven, and I won't be punished. There are yin and yang in the sky and moral punishment on earth. The sky is dominated by yang, and it is virtuous to have children; People should also make a living by virtue, so as to substitute righteousness. But isn't it the meaning of punishment to abolish the official of Wang Dejiao and be the official of law enforcement alone? Is it not the opposite to abuse politics in the world and hope that morality will spread all over the world? The meaning at the beginning is also from Spring and Autumn Annals. The first article in Spring and Autumn Annals is Luyin AD. What does one yuan mean? He said: "First, the beginning of all things, the so-called Yuan Zhi speaks big. Those who say that one is one yuan, depending on the big start, want the original. " Laozi said, "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and everything." It can be seen that the first is the foundation, the foundation and the beginning of everything. Headed by yuan, is a big shot. Calling one yuan means paying attention to the beginning and correcting the fundamentals. The foundation of politics lies in Guan Bai, the foundation of Guan Bai lies in the imperial court, the foundation of the imperial court lies in the monarch, and the foundation of the monarch lies in his heart. "The old gentleman has a righteous heart and a righteous court. The righteous court has righteous officials, righteous officials have righteous people, and righteous people have righteous quartet (four generations)." Whether the world is right or wrong depends on your heart. The world is square, there is no evil interference between heaven and earth, yin and yang are harmonious, and when the weather is favorable, the crops are abundant, the people's livelihood is happy, and guests and friends from all over the world are welcome. If that's the case, things will go well and will never be finished. The beginning is the self-correction of the rulers, and education is the correction of the people. Dong Zhongshu believes that another reason for the "unattainable beauty" at that time was that "education is not established, and the people are unjust." He said: "The benefits of the husband and the people are like flowing water, without education, Fukashi." Ordinary people pursue material interests, and without education as a dike, there will be crimes. Therefore, the emperor controls the world, "education is the most important." He suggested that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "Establish a university to teach the country, set up a library to make the city prosperous, gradually (infiltrate) the people with benevolence, benefit the people with friendship and preserve the people with courtesy." From ancient times to the present, all "people who are extremely light in punishment and forbidden in crime" are because "educating people is the foundation and beauty lies in customs". Talk more about getting rid of accumulated disadvantages and changing course. After the troubled times, saints should thoroughly clean up their remnants, update everything, and then make a positive result and beautify the precepts. However, Qin Cheng's embarrassment in the late Zhou Dynasty did not change, but it was even worse. Qin Shihuang opposed learning to be an official, forbidding people to help collect poetry and books, abandoning ceremony and righteousness, destroying Wang Zhidao first and acting arbitrarily ... It was really "bringing order out of chaos and defeating the world", so the world only died in 14. The Han dynasty inherited the Qin system and has not changed so far. "Its legacy is still strong, and it has not been extinguished so far." This makes the customs despise ugliness, the people are mean and stubborn, brave and ruthless, deceiving their superiors and deceiving their subordinates, and the low-level filth is extreme! Therefore, "when the law comes out, it is rape, and when the order comes out, it is fraud." If bad habits are not eliminated, there will be new treachery with new laws. Just like "stop cooking with soup and take firewood to put out the fire", no amount of laws will help. Confucius said, "Rotten wood can't be carved, and the dung wall can't be stained (whitewashed)." Now the embarrassment of the Han Dynasty inheriting the Qin Dynasty is like a wall of rotten wood dung, unless it is torn down, it will be hopeless. He said metaphorically, "The harp and the harp will even be untied and opened if they are not tuned, but they can play drums." In the same way, "it is reasonable to do something for politics, or even to change it." Since the Han family came to power in the world, they have always wanted good governance, but they have never been able to get it. The reason is that "there are not many times." It is better to retreat into a net than to fish in the forest; It is better to retreat from politics! The more modern content is to encourage the normal way of "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith" and cultivate five virtues, so you can be blessed by heaven and enjoy the blessings of ghosts and gods. In a word, we should get rid of the evil politics of the rule of law in the late Qin Dynasty, change the old-fashioned lazy political habits in the early Han Dynasty, practice Confucian benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom, and actively carry out political weathering.
The first policy is that Dong Zhongshu talks about current affairs and discusses ancient and modern times. Widely helping Confucianism is not pedantic, and literary talent is not grandiose. It can be said that he is rich in rhetoric and strict in justice, and is deeply loved by young emperors who love literature and Confucianism. "Lun Heng" said: "When he was filial, Dong Zhongshu wrote strategies for officials, which was the best." ("Lost Words") Is it empty talk! This legend says that "the emperor has different views, but they are all replicas." . I am willing to do my best to dispel doubts. The second policy * * * four questions, one is about Huang Lao's inaction and Confucius and Mencius' promising. Emperor Wu asked: When Yao Shun was in power, "there was nothing to do, and the world was peaceful"; Zhou works hard. "As for the sundial (oblique), there is no food, but the house is also treated." Is there a difference between emperor and king? "What's the difference between rest and work?" Dong Zhongshu said that it is because "the times are different." When Yao was in office, "all saints and virtues, sages can assist in their duties, educate great banks, and the world is one"; For this reason, Shun is called Xiang, "ruling the world by hanging down the arch and doing nothing." Zhou said, "At this time, the status is still rising, and the people are scattered and die. Therefore, the king of Wen is sad and wants to be safe, so he has endless food. " Both inaction and promising have their historical rationality. But now it is: Han inherits Qin and will do something! Second, Huang Lao's respect for quality and Confucianism's respect for literature. Emperor Wu asked: "frugal people don't make flags"; But the Zhou family is very decorative. Didn't Emperor Wang Zhidao have a different purpose? Some people say that "jade is uncut and abrasive", while others say that "non-writing can't help morality", and these two ends are also contradictory. Dong Zhongshu said that the system article is used to "distinguish between respect and inferiority, respect and inferiority, and persuade morality to be moderate." Confucius said that excessive luxury is too arrogant, too simple and humble ("luxury is not inferior, thrift is solid?" ), but not frugal. Therefore, in the Spring and Autumn Annals, the king was ordered to "be a new moon, which is easy to suit the color, so it should be heaven." Good jade is not cut, because the qualifications are beautiful, there is no need to carve; But if you don't sharpen the jade, you can't write an article. It can also be proved that "a gentleman has no virtue without learning." The third is the issue of Rende's imprisonment. Emperor Wu asked: Kang, no punishment, more than 40 years, repeatedly empty; Qin people used harsh laws and killed many people, but they were treacherous. What is the reason? Dong Zhongshu said: Before the week, there was a righteous prince of Wu, and the Duke of Zhou saluted and enjoyed himself. It was only after he recovered that the punishment measures were not used. "This is also a gradual enlightenment (infiltration) and a flow of benevolence and righteousness (weathering), not just hurting the skin." The Qin dynasty did not agree. "Learn the way of business and do what Han Fei says" is not the five emperors and three Wang Zhidao, who take greed and belligerence as the common customs and do not learn from virtue. So the greed above is insatiable, and the customs below are diluted. Coupled with the appointment of "cruel officials", the accumulation is excessive, the people are unemployed, and "thieves and thieves", so the punishment is heavy and adultery is excessive. This is "vulgarity". The fourth is the practical problem.